Hematology is the study of Select one GENETIC PLATELET WBC ETHNIC RBC BLOOD and the blood-forming organs.  Disorders include Select one GENETIC PLATELET WBC ETHNIC RBC BLOOD , Select one GENETIC PLATELET WBC ETHNIC RBC BLOOD , Select one GENETIC PLATELET WBC ETHNIC RBC BLOOD , and coagulation disorders. 

Many of these diseases are related to genetic and ethnic traits. For example Hemophilia A is a Select one GENETIC PLATELET WBC ETHNIC RBC BLOOD disease causing low blood clotting proteins.  Sickle cell is an Select one GENETIC PLATELET WBC ETHNIC RBC BLOOD disease for 8% of African Americans have the sickle cell trait. 

Blood typing

The letters A and B represent Select one B A NO ANTIGENS A and B (proteins) on cells. 

Person's who is Type A has Select one B A NO ANTIGENS A and B antibodies. 

Person's who is Type B has Select one B A NO ANTIGENS A and B antibodies.

Person's who is Type AB has Select one B A NO ANTIGENS A and B antibodies

Person's who is Type O has Select one B A NO ANTIGENS A and B antibodies.
 

Blood type % by population

Type O is Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% %

Type A is Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% %

Type B is 11%

Type AB is 5%

Type O is considered the universal Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% .

Type AB is considered the universal Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% .

Rh factor has to do with another antigen on blood.  The Rhesus Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45%   was used in the study so they named it Rh + or Rh -. 

If mom is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+ mom will develop Rh+ antibodies.  The next time she is pregnant her Rh+ antibodies will attack the fetus’s RBC leading to fetal death.  So to avoid this an Rh- mom will take Rh immune globulin to inhibit Rh antibodies.

Types of Blood Transfusions

Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% blood contains platelets, clotting factors, plasma, RBC, WBC.

Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% RBC contain RBC and some plasma.

Platelets contains Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% and some plasma.

Fresh frozen Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% contains plasma, clotting factor, proteins and can be used for burn victims.

Select one RECIPIENT WHOLE DONOR PLASMA CLOTTING 39% THROMBOCYTES PACKED MONKEY 45% factors contain special clotting factors needed for coagulation.

Transfusion Reactions

Hemolytic transfusion is when donor and recipient blood Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT match.  Signs include facial Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT , hyperventilation, tachycardia, and sense of dread.  HIVES may appear on skin, chest pain, wheezing, Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT , Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT .  Flank pain occurs as small clots clog the Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT .  Care; Stop the transfusion Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT .  Change IV tubing and start normal saline or lactated ringers.  Lasix to promote diuresis.  Low dose dopamine to keep kidney perfusion going. Drugs such as Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT and IV Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT can be given if severe allergic reaction is noted. 

The most common transfusion is febrile Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT reaction caused by Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT on WBC, platelets, and plasma.  Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT , Select one FLUSHING NONHEMOLYTIC EPI BENADRYL ANTIGENS HEADACHE KIDNEYS IMMEDIATELY FEVER CHILLS HIVES DO NOT , chills are common.  Always stop the transfusion prior to treating it.  Patients are usually are given Benadryl and Tylenol or ibuprofen.  No further action is usually needed.

Additional SAMPLE Questions for blood disorder patients.

Do your Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH bleed?  Do you have blood viruses like Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH B or C or HIV?  Liver, bone or Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH diseases?  Swollen Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH nodes? Nosebleeds? 

ORGANS

The liver plays a major role in blood Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH . Prolonged Prothrombin (PT) time and bilirubin levels increase causing jaundice. 

Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH means enlarged spleen possible due to removal of excess abnormal or aged cells.  Also sickle cell may Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH the spleen.

Musculoskeletal diseases may rheumatoid Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH from immune system attacks.  People with hemophilia will often develop bleeding in the joints or Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH .  Sickle cell is the most common cause of Select one SPLEEN INFARCT EYES HEPATITIS PRIAPRISM SPLENOMEGALY ARTHRITIS CLOTTING GUMS LYMPH in the ED. 

Select one ANEMIA APLASTIC POLYCYTHEMIA RBC HEMATOCRIT means excess of Select one ANEMIA APLASTIC POLYCYTHEMIA RBC HEMATOCRIT .  Select one ANEMIA APLASTIC POLYCYTHEMIA RBC HEMATOCRIT means inadequate number of RBC’s or hemoglobin within the RBC.

Select one ANEMIA APLASTIC POLYCYTHEMIA RBC HEMATOCRIT count less than 37% to 40% is classified as ANEMIA.  Anemia is a sign not a disease. 

Blood diseases

Select one ANEMIA HEMORRHAGE APLASTIC POLYCYTHEMIA SICKLE RBC HEMATOCRIT is a failure to produce RBC.

Iron deficiency.            

Select one ANEMIA HEMORRHAGE APLASTIC POLYCYTHEMIA SICKLE RBC HEMATOCRIT cell results in changed shapes of RBC.

Hemolytic is when body destroys RBC at higher rate as usual. 

Select one ANEMIA HEMORRHAGE APLASTIC POLYCYTHEMIA SICKLE RBC HEMATOCRIT is simple loss of blood.

Sickle cell makes the Select one LOW INHERITED INFECTION FEVER HIGH BONE HEMOGLOBIN stiff and shapes the RBC in the letter C.  Normal RBC life is 120 days versus a sickle cell lasts 10 to 20 days.  Sickle cell is Select one LOW INHERITED INFECTION FEVER HIGH BONE HEMOGLOBIN ; Blacks, Puerto Ricans, Spanish, French, Italian, Greek and Turkish.  Signs are vasoocclusive resulting in Select one LOW INHERITED INFECTION FEVER PAINFUL HIGH BONE HEMOGLOBIN joints, abdominal pain, renal crisis. People with sickle cell are prone to infection by bacteria because of abnormal spleen function.  Care is high flow O2, give fluid if dehydrated, analgesic pain management.

Leukopenia is Select one LOW INHERITED INFECTION FEVER HIGH BONE HEMOGLOBIN WBC and leukocytosis is too Select one LOW INHERITED INFECTION FEVER HIGH BONE HEMOGLOBIN of WBC.  Neutrophil is the main blood component protecting against a bacterial or fungal infection. 

Leukemia’s are cancers of WBC production in Select one LOW INHERITED INFECTION FEVER HIGH BONE HEMOGLOBIN marrow.  50% remission or cure rate.  Death is usually secondary to Select one LOW INHERITED INFECTION FEVER HIGH BONE HEMOGLOBIN or bleeding.  Acute illness results in blood work taken and reveals the disease.  Common signs Select one LOW INHERITED INFECTION FEVER HIGH BONE HEMOGLOBIN , weakness, and bleeding.  Sternum pain because of marrow production increase activity. Care is standard.

Lymphomas

Categorized by cell type. 

Hodgkin’s lymphoma  accounts for 7,500 diagnosed each year.  Cure rate is very high.

Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE TOOTH LONGER VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S lymphoma averages 45,000 diagnoses each year. 22,000 deaths per year. Main sign: Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE PAINLESS TOOTH LONGER VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S swelling of lymph nodes.  Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE TOOTH LONGER VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S , Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE TOOTH LONGER VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S , anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, and pruritis (itching).

Hemophilia is a blood disorder in which one of the proteins necessary for blood clotting  Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE TOOTH LONGER FACTOR VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S is missing or defective.  Low factor VIII is called hemophilia A and is most commonly inherited.  Low factor IX is hemophilia B also known as Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE TOOTH LONGER VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S is more rare but more severe. Hemophilia patients will bleed Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE TOOTH LONGER VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S and take longer to clot.  Nosebleeds or Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE TOOTH LONGER VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S extractions can lead to life-threatening bleeding.  Signs include; bruising, deep muscle bleeding which feel like a pulled muscle. Normal mechanisms of vasoconstriction take place with platelet aggregation but platelet plug will be unstable. Treatment is infusion of factor VIII.  Standard care but avoid additional Select one FEVER TRAUMA CHRISTMAS DISEASE TOOTH LONGER VIII NIGHT SWEATS NON-HODGKIN’S to the patient.

Von Willebrand’s Disease; factor VIII is missing the component von Select one MYELOMA WILLEBRAND EXCESSIVELY and leads to abnormal platelet formation so these patients bleed Select one MYELOMA WILLEBRAND EXCESSIVELY .  For example after surgery or female monthly periods.

Multiple Select one MYELOMA WILLEBRAND EXCESSIVELY is cancer of plasma cells.  Plasma cells make a type of B cell that produces immunoglobulins (antibodies).  Happen in bone marrow and pushes out healthy cells.  Leads to reduction of RBC.  Sign;  pain in ribs and back.  Weak bones prone to fracture.  Care is chemo and supportive.