Cells form 4 basic tissue groups:  SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous , SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous , SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous and SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous .  Connective tissue includes hematological tissue.

Cells live in a fluid environment of which water is the main component.

Our body is made up of SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous % water and the rest is tissue weight.

1.      Water is the medium in which all metabolic reactions occur.

2.      Water allows for precise regulation of volume and composition of body fluid.

The human body has SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous (#)  fluid compartments.

1. SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous fluid is found inside the cells. Accounts for SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous % of all total body weight.
2. SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous fluid is found outside the cells which includes; intravascular and interstitial compartments. Accounts for SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous % of all total body weight.

SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous fluid  is SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous fluid between the cells and outside the vascular bed.  Includes the fluid in connective tissue, bones, cartilage and CSF.   Interstitial fluid accounts for SELECT Interstitial 60 Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous % of total body weight.

Tom’s language;  You have fluid in all cells generically called Intracellular fluid.  Extracellular fluid is in two places.  It is in the blood vessels but outside the cells (blood plasma) called intravascular.  Extracellular fluid is also outside the body cells and outside the blood vessels and is call the interstitial spaces.  Interstitial space would be the area of swelling when you break an ankle. The fluid (edema) is not in the blood vessels.  It is not in the cells.  It is outside the blood vessel and outside the cells and is called interstitial.
 

We also have to look and defines space as intravascular and extravascular.  Within the blood vessel is termed SELECT Extravascular Interstitial 60 Intravascular Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous space.  Outside the blood vessel is termed SELECT Extravascular Interstitial 60 Intravascular Epithelial 40 Intracellular Connective 20 2 Muslce 15 Extracellular Nervous space .

Water Movement:
 

Water is termed SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against and SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against is termed the molecules or substance within the fluid.

Water has to move from one compartment to another constantly to maintain SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against (balance).

1. SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against is the movement of water through SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against membranes.  No energy needed.  Water (solvent) moves from SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against solute concentration to SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against solute concentration.

Note: Osmosis is related to water movement.  If the osmosis is happening to a gas it is called SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against pressure and is driven by partial pressure.

Tom’s language; You have just made two containers of KoolAid.   Container A has two cups of KoolAid mix and the other container B has one cup of KoolAid mix.  Both containers have the same amount of water at the start – 2 litters.  You need to balance the taste.  So water moves from container B to container A.  This will dilute the taste of container A but at the same time increase the taste of container B.

2. SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against is constant, random motion of all the atoms in a solution.  Does not require energy to work.  This is the movement of SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against which is the molecules in water. 

 Tom’s language;  When you fart the smell (solute) is very concentrated at the anus.  As time passes the smell is diffused into the room.  This will happen until the smell has become neutral in the room and a balance has been reached.  If you keep farting the smell will overcome the room and will constantly smell.  That is until a window is open to reach a fresh balance.

3. SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against is a carrier-mediated process that can move substances from areas of SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against solute concentration to SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against solute concentrations.  It works SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against the gradient.  This takes energy.  Active transport works SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against than diffusion. 
4. SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances into and out of cells from SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against to SELECT Diffusion Homeostasis Active Transport Solute Low (lower) Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Semipermeable Faster Osmotic High (higher) Solvent Against solute concentrations.  Does not require energy. 

Solutions

1. SELECT Swelling Isotonic Hypotonic Shrink Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solute than that inside the cells. Causes cells to SELECT Swelling Isotonic Hypotonic Shrink Hypertonic (crenation).  Examples are; sodium bicarb, D50%
2. SELECT Swelling Isotonic Hypotonic Shrink Hypertonic solutions have a solute concentration lower than that of the cell.  Moves solution into the cells and causes SELECT Swelling Isotonic Hypotonic Shrink Hypertonic of the cell.  Examples are; 0.45%NS, D5W.
3. SELECT Swelling Isotonic Hypotonic Shrink Hypertonic solutions have equal molecules inside and outside the cells.  Examples; 0.9%NS and lactated ringer’s.

Anatomy of Capillary Network

Capillary is a thin-walled tube of endothelial cells without elastic tissue resulting in a SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open pressure.

1.      Capillary sphincters – are located just before the capillary and just after leaving the capillary. Precapillary sphincter and postcapillary sphincter.

2.      These sphincters control capillary blood flow by opening and closing. 

SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open shunts skip the capillary tissue.  They go from arterial to venous side.  Examples; palm, phalanges, nail bed.   AV shunts are important part of SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open regulation.  When arterial blood pressure is normal the AV shunts SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open .  If pressure increased the AV shunts SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open .  This helps regulate our BP and temperature.  The term shunting blood.

Diffusion across the capillary wall:  Tissue cell cannot exchange material directly with blood.  The SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open fluid acts as a middle man. 

 Tom’s language; In a divorce with children.  The mother gives the kids to the social worker and the social worker gives the kids to the dad - back and forth.  This is why plasma is so important.

1. Plasma pressure proteins move fluid via SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open pressure.  The protein is SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open .  Albumin cannot cross the semipermeable membrane but does take up space resulting in pressure.
2. Changes in the capillary membrane may cause proteins to cross into the interstitial space.  This causes tissue edema.

Plasma protein albumin creates SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open pressure. 

Tom’s language;  When the presphincter opens and too much pressure builds the capillary membrane may allow proteins to exit in the interstitial space.  As a result fluid is drawn into the interstitial space resulting is edema.

Note:  Fluid that collects in the peritoneal cavity is called SELECT Albumin Neutral Interstitial Close Ascities Osmotic Arteriovenous Temperature Open .

Water Balance:

1.      Water balanced is achieved primarily by SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium hormone which is released from the SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium pituitary gland.  Water is stimulated to be reabsorbed into the plasma from the distal renal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys. 

2.      Volume-sensitive receptors and SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Baroreceptors Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (found in the  Atriums, Pulmonary vessels, Carotid, and Aorta) also can stimulate ADH release. 

3.      SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (ethanol or ingestible alcohol i.e. in beer, wine, hard liquor) and SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (coffee, some teas and power so-called energy drinks) directly inhibit ADH. 

Tom’s language;  Water follows sodium.  Sodium is the major extracellular cation of the body.  If more plasma/fluid is going into the kidneys then sodium is also going.  Water follows the sodium and as a result we produce more urine. Caffeine and Booze inhibit ADH and that is why we pee a lot after we drink them. 

Aldosterone is released from the SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium gland.  Aldonsterone is stimulated to be released when sodium levels are SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium or potassium levels are SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium . As a result the the kidneys are stimulated to reabsorb SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium and eliminate SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium . 

The kidneys release SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium hormone when circulating blood volume is reduces.  Renin stimulates the formation of SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium .  This is then changed to SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium which is a potent vasoconstrictor.  SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium stimulates the release of SELECT High Renin Angiotension II Adrenal ADH Angiotension I Sodium Low Potassium hormone from the posterior pituitary.  An Angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor will SELECT Raise Lower the BP.

Electrolytes

1. Predominant SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (positive);
   1. Intracellular – SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (K+), SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (Ca++), SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium Mg++)
   2. Extracellular – SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (Na+)
      
       

2. Predoninant SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (negtive);
   1. Intracellular – SELECT Calcium Caffeine Potassium Magnesium Anions ADH Phosphate Posterior Cations Alcohol Sodium (PO4/3-)
   2. Extracellular – Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Electrolyte Imbalances

1. SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia is a major positively charged ion within cells.  The body must maintain a narrow range for normal nerve, cardiac, and SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia function.
   1. Extra potassium is eliminated in the kidneys.
   2. SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia – most common cause is diuretic use.
   3. SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia – poor kidney function, burns, severe infection.
   4. Care for excessive hyperkalemia is calcium, insulin and glucose.
      
       

2. SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia – Cation within the cells with two positive charges.  Helps with SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia transmission, growth, health of bones, muscle contractions.
   1. SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia – results from endocrine problems with parathyroid, renal failure, inability to active vitamin D.
   2. Care: vitamin D, calcium
   3. SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia – cause by tumors, thyroid dysfunction, diuretic therapy.
   4. Care; treat the causing disease, lasix, steroids.

Acid Base:

·        7.35 to SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia is normal range for pH. pH stand for SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia of hydrogen.

·        H+ stand for SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia ion and think of  it as an acid.  The more H+ the more acidic.

·        We neutralize/eliminate H+ by:

1.      SELECT Neuromuscular Calium Hypercalcemia Potential Skeletal Potassium 7.45 Buffer Hyperkalemia ICF Hypokalemia Hydrogen Hypocalcemia Systems – made of  carbonic acid and bicarbonate bonds.

2.      Lungs and breathing out CO2.

3.      Kidneys eliminating H+ with urine.

How it works.  CO2 + H2O (transfers back and forth) H2CO2 (transfers back and forth) H+ + HCO3-

CO2 is carbon dioxide

H2O is water

H2CO2 is carbonic acid

H+ is hydrogen ion

HCO3- is bicarbonate

________________________

Respiratory acidosis is when an increase of SELECT CO2 Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Carbonic Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis H+ and H2O combine into SELECT CO2 Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Carbonic Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis H+ acid.

Metabolic acidosis is when an increase of SELECT CO2 Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Carbonic Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis H+ and HCO3- combine into SELECT CO2 Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Carbonic Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis H+ acid.

The following is respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis? SELECT CO2 Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Carbonic Metabolic Acidosis Medabolic Alkalosis H+

¯CO2 + H2O ® ¯H2CO3- ® ¯ H+ + HCO3-

The following is respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis? SELECT CO2 Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Carbonic Metabolic Acidosis Medabolic Alkalosis H+

¯H+ + HCO3- ® ¯H2CO3- ® H2O  + ¯CO2

The following is respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis? SELECT CO2 Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Carbonic Metabolic Acidosis Medabolic Alkalosis H+

(increase of CO2) ­CO2 + H2O ® ­H2CO3- ® ­H+ + HCO3-

The following is respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis? SELECT CO2 Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Carbonic Metabolic Acidosis Medabolic Alkalosis H+

(increase of H+) ­H+ + HCO3- ® ­H2CO3- ® H2O  + ­CO2

Blood Gasses

Normal blood gas values;

1. PaO2 is SELECT Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis 7.35 Metabolic Alkalosis 80 35 to 100
2. PaCO2 is SELECT Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis 7.35 Metabolic Alkalosis 80 35 to 45
3. pH is SELECT Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis 7.35 Metabolic Alkalosis 80 35 to 7.45

What is the following ABG telling us:

Pitting edema scale:

 - Gross deformity.  Longer than 2 min.
 - Depression disappears 10 to 15 seconds.
 - Noted deformity of skin.  More than 1 min.
 - Depression disappears quickly
 

Terms:

SELECT Metaplasia Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Atrophy Dysplasia - decrease in cell size
SELECT Metaplasia Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Atrophy Dysplasia - Increase in size of cells
SELECT Metaplasia Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Atrophy Dysplasia - Increase of number of cells
SELECT Metaplasia Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Atrophy Dysplasia - Cells change to adapt - smokers
SELECT Metaplasia Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Atrophy Dysplasia - Abnormal changes in mature cells
 

Cardiac Output:

Cardiac output is also known as SELECT Afterload Normal Baroreceptors Strength Chemoreceptors Negative Minute Rate volume.  Cardiac output depends on three things:

1. SELECT Afterload Normal Baroreceptors Strength Chemoreceptors Negative Minute Rate of contractions
2. SELECT Afterload Normal Baroreceptors Strength Chemoreceptors Negative Minute Rate of contractions
3. Amount of blood return know as preload.

SELECT Afterload Normal Baroreceptors Strength Chemoreceptors Negative Minute Rate is termed systemic vascular resistance on the left side of the heart.

SELECT Afterload Normal Baroreceptors Strength Chemoreceptors Negative Minute Rate feedback mechanisms is any mechanism that tends to balance a change in the system. 

SELECT Afterload Normal Baroreceptors Strength Chemoreceptors Negative Minute Rate are pressure sensitive nerve endings located in the atriums, pulmonary, carotid, and aorta.  Baroreceptors do not work if the BP is less than 60 mmHg. 

O2 SELECT Afterload Normal Baroreceptors Strength Chemoreceptors Negative Minute Rate register low arterial pressures of hypoxemia and/or acidosis. O2 Chemoreceptors are found in the carotid and aortic vessels. 

CO2 Medulla Chemoreceptor is the SELECT Afterload Normal Baroreceptors Strength Chemoreceptors Negative Minute Rate breathing drive in a healthy person.

Types of shock:

SELECT Metabolic Hypovolemic Anaphylactic Septic Neurogenic Cardiac - Most often caused by hemorrhage or severe dehydration.

SELECT Metabolic Hypovolemic Anaphylactic Septic Neurogenic Cardiac - Heart pumping inadequate.

SELECT Metabolic Hypovolemic Anaphylactic Septic Neurogenic Cardiac - Spinal cord injuries

SELECT Metabolic Hypovolemic Anaphylactic Septic Neurogenic Cardiac - Severe allergic reaction

SELECT Metabolic Hypovolemic Anaphylactic Septic Neurogenic Cardiac - Serious systemic infection

SELECT Metabolic Hypovolemic Anaphylactic Septic Neurogenic Cardiac - Shock from diabetes would be termed this.

Inflammatory Response:

Inflammation is a SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine response to cellular injury.  An SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine is a substance that causes the formation of an antibody.  SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine engulf, digest and destroy pathogens.  Mast cells are specialized cells which are widely distributed in connective tissue.  Mast cells contain SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine .

Immune Response:

The immune system is triggered after foreign materials have been cleared from the area of inflammation.  This is after phagocytes do their job.  Lymphocytes mutate into B and T lymphocytes.  B produce SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine .  T cells can act directly on the foreign antigen. 

Blood groups:

A = Accounts for 38%.
AB = Only accounts for about 4%.  This blood type is referred to as the universal SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine .
B = Accounts for 11%.
O = Most common blood type. This blood type is referred to as the universal SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine .

RH Factor was named after a species of monkeys (rhesus) that when monkey blood was added to rabbit blood then added to a human red blood cell the blood SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine . 

Allergens provide immune system to respond -  immediate or delay.  SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine accounts for less than 1% of antibodies but causes the most severe  reactions.  IgE stimulates SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine cells for immediate response. 

IgG accounts for 70% of antibodies in normal serum.  IgG is the only immunoglobulin which crosses the SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine membrane.  IgG is found in lymph, CSF, synovial, peritoneal, and breast milk. 

IgM are antibodies that trigger the release of IgG.

IgA is found in blood, tears, saliva, respiratory track, and stomach.

IgE triggers mast cells in immediate allergic reactions.

IgD at this time it is an unknown function.

Catecholamines:

Catecholamines are released from the adrenal gland when stressed.  Catecholamines are epi, nor epi, and dopamine.   Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) from the pituitary stimulates the adrenal glands. 

Two major classes of catecholamine actions; alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta 1 and beta 2. 

Beta 1 = SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine contractions. 
Beta 2 = smooth muscle relaxation of SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine and GI muscles.  Increase release of insulin and glucagon, and renin. 
Alpha 1 = Smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels and genitourinary track.
Alpha 2 = GI smooth muscle relaxation.  Does the opposite of beta 2 hormone release.

Note:  We have four main neurotransmitter within the brain; SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine , ACh, nor-epi and SELECT Mast Antigen Cardiac Dopamine IgE Phagocytes Placenta Antibodies Seritonin Recipient Clumped Local Donor Respiratory Histamine .

Seratonin = is the feel good stabilizer.  Sleep state.
Domamine = is motor impulses stabilizer. 
Nor-epi = arousal
ACh = short term memory, learning.